To assesse the iron AND silicon effects on the YIELD AND physiological characteristics of green pea, WANDo cultivar by ASGrow Corporation was used in three levels of iron chelate (0.05, 0.1 AND 0.3 gr per l-1) AND silicon (0, 14 AND 28 mg per l-1), as a factorial experimental in completely rANDomized design with three replications. In this experiment, characterisics such as FRESH AND DRY weight of grain, the number of grain per pod, concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn AND Si in leaf AND grain were measured. Results showed that the interaction of Fe AND Si was significant at p<0.01 on grain FRESH AND DRY wigeht, concentratin of leaf AND grain Fe, leaf Mn, leaf AND grain Zn AND leaf Si AND the application of Fe AND Si was significant separately, on other traits such as number of grain per pod, concentration of leaf AND grain Cu, Mn AND Si in grain.  The Mean squares showed that the application of Fe AND Si significantly increased FRESH AND DRY grain weight AND Si laef concetration AND decreased the concentratin of leaf AND grain Fe AND Mn as well as grain Mn.  The enhancement of Fe AND Si application separately decreased the concentration of Mn, Cu AND zinc leaf AND grains, but the Si concentration of leaf AND grain were increased by Si application. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu AND Zn were decreased in leaf AND grain because of antagonistic effects. It can be concluded that Si reduces the harmfull effects of high levels of iron toxicity AND the application of 0.1 g/l AND 25 mg/l can be recommended as the best treatments.

This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of water deficit irrigation on the agronomic characteristics of fodder sorghum cultivars in Kerman province. This experiment was carried out as a strip split-plot in a complete rANDomized block design with four replications in a research farm of agricultural research center of Jirof AND Kahnooj, Kerman province, in 2019 AND 2020. Drought stress as a vertical factor in four levels including without stress (irrigation after 80 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) as control, mild stress (irrigation after 110 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan), medium (irrigation after 140 mm evaporation) AND sever (irrigation after 180 mm evaporation) AND four sorghum cultivars including Spidfeed, Sugar graze, Jumbo AND Pegah as a horizontal factor. The highest YIELD of FRESH FORAGE YIELD under non-stressed conditions (control) was observed in Spidfeed AND Pegah (121.60 AND 118.79 ton.ha-1, respectively). Also, Spidfeed AND Pegah had the highest DRY FORAGE YIELD under non-stressed conditions (control) as 22.50 AND 20.69 ton.ha-1, respectively. Also, the highest YIELD of DRY FORAGE in mild drought stress was observed in Pegah AND Speedfeed varieties (15.30 AND 14.88 ton.ha-1, respectively) AND under medium drought stress in Pegah (11.12 ton.ha-1), whereas Spidfeed variety was superior to others for DRY FORAGE YIELD (7.42 ton.ha-1), in severe drought stress. Based on MP AND STI indices, Spidfeed AND Pegah cultivars with higher average of DRY fodder YIELD were selected as the most suitable genotypes under drought stress conditions in Jiroft region of Kerman province.

Transplanting was assessed in order to prolong growth season AND also to reduce water consumption in FORAGE maize production. Two AND three weeks seedlings produced in a greenhouse before transplanting in the field alongside seed sowing in three different dates (6 AND 21 June AND 6 July) in summer 2012 in the Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. growth analyses (LAI, CGR, RGR, AND NAR) FRESH AND DRY FORAGE YIELD determined. Three weeks seedlings in the first date of sowing had the highest LAI= 5.4 AND CGR=37.2 g m-2 day-1, FRESH AND DRY FORAGE of 66.536 AND 21.640 to/ha respectively.

The objective of this study was to develop population hybrids by crossing five alfalfa cultivars of different geographic origin (Ghareh Yonjeh, Hamedani AND Mahalie-Esfahan from Iran, Elchi from Turkey AND Ordobad from Azerbaijan) AND assessment of combining ability among them using diallel analysis. A half diallel was performed during 2012 between the selected cultivars. For each pairwise cross, ten plants were chosen at rANDom to obtain F1 generation. Heterotic responses were determined by evaluation FORAGE YIELD of the cultivars AND their 10 half-diallel hybrids in seeded plots that were harvested three times in each of 2 years (2014 AND 2015). Variation among crosses was attributed primarily to general combining ability (GCA) effects. However, specific combining ability (SCA) effects were also significant. Mid-parent heterosis ranged from 7. 1% in the Elchi x Hamedani to-9. 9 % in the Ghareh Yonjeh x Mahalie-Esfahan AND high-parent heterosis ranged from 3. 4 % in the Elchi x Hamedani to-16. 7% Ghareh Yonjeh x Mahalie-Esfahan. Results indicated that Elchi cultivar could be considered as a member of a potential heterotic group for adapted cultivars (Ghareh Yonjeh AND Hamedani) to the studied environment.

Improving FORAGE production in DRYlAND areas requires attention to the issues such as planting density, nitrogen use AND conserving water AND soil resources. In this regard, the current study was conducted to investigate the influence of planting density, starter nitrogen level AND tillage practices (conventional AND conservation) on vetch (Vicia sativa) growth AND YIELD under rain fed semi tropical conditions (Gachsaran DRYlAND research station). The experiment was conducted in a strip split plot in three replicates for three years.  Treatments included residues of preceding wheat (with or without), planting density (100, 150 AND 200 plants per m2) AND applied nitrogen as starter fertilizer (0, 15 AND 30 kg.ha-1 N). Based on the results of analysis of variance, no treatment had significant effect on early growth, days to flowering AND ripening AND plant height. The results showed that retaining preceding wheat residues caused significant increase in FRESH FORAGE AND grain YIELDs. For the most studied traits, adding starter nitrogen fertilizer didn’t cause any significant effect. The results of nitrogen AND residue interactions showed that although adding 15  kg ha-1 starter N slightly increased grain YIELD especially when the residues were retained on the soil but higher amount (30 kg ha-1 ) reduced grain YIELD regardless the presence or absence of residues. If producing FORAGE is the main purpose of vetch planting, 150 plants per m2 is recommendable while for seed production, 100 plants per m2 leads to better seed YIELD.

To investigate the effects of fertilizer regimes on quantitative AND qualitative traits of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, a field experiment at three replications with the Split Plate arrangement in a completely rANDomized block design was conducted in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2017-18 growing season.Water deficit stress (irrigation after discharging 20 (optimal irrigation), 40 (mild water deficit stress), 60 (moderate water deficit stress) AND 80% (severe water deficit stress) of water used (available water)) in the main plot AND fertilizer regime (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, azocompost AND no fertilizer) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf FRESH weight (1797 kg ha-1) AND total biomass (2957 kg ha-1) were obtained by application of urea in mild water deficit stress condition AND the highest DRY matter digestibility percentage was observed in azocompost treatment in moderate water deficit stress condition (57.8%). The highest crude protein was produced in severe water deficit stress condition (19.72%) AND moderate water deficit stress (18.4%), respectively.. The highest percentage of water soluble carbohydrate AND neutral detergent fiber were obtained from no fertilizer in moderate water deficit stress (22.06%) AND application of urea in severe water deficit stress conditions, respectively. Mild water deficit stress application to produce high biomass is recommended for Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. According to the results, application of urea in mild water deficit stress was selected as the best treatment to produce FORAGE 32% more than control.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in rANDomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st AND April 6th) AND the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 AND Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest YIELD (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain YIELD AND YIELD components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain YIELD (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain YIELD per hectare had the highest correlation with plant YIELD (0.877) AND then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) AND number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

To study the effect of harvest in different growth stages on quantity AND quality of FORAGE of amaranth varieties a field experiment was carried-out as factorial arrangement in rANDomized complete block design with three replication in two successive growing seasons (2006 AND 2007) in Karaj, Iran. Experimental factors included: four amaranth varieties; Ultra, Kharkof, Kharkofsky AND Unknown, AND two harvest stages; flowering AND after seed set. For FORAGE YIELD of amaranth varieties, samples were taken from determined area in each plot. For quality assessment of treatments, stANDard samples were prepared. Results showed that amaranths variaties significantly (P<0.01) differed for FRESH AND FORAGE YIELDs. The highest FRESH (86400 kg ha-1) AND DRY (13320 kg ha-1) FORAGE YIELDs belonged to Ultra. Combined analysis of variance revealed that effects of year AND interaction of variety × harvest stage were significant (P<0.01) on FRESH AND DRY FORAGE YIELDs. Amaranth varieties significantly (P<0.01) differed for crude protein content which varied from 7.75% to 22.2%. There were highly significant negative relationship between DRY matter digestibility (DMD) AND acid detergent fiber (ADF) (r = -0.874**) AND organic matter digestibility (OMD) (r = -0.911**). The estimated means of DMD, OMD AND DOMD (DRY organic matter digestibility) were 71.1%, 67.6% AND 58.8%, respectively. Ultra harvested in flowering stage had the highest profit (12880000 IRR). The estimated marginal rate of return of substitution of this treatment with other tretments was 96%. Therefore, Ultra with harvest in flowering stage was identified as suitable treatment.

In order to study the effect of different nitrogen AND phosphorus levels on the morphological characteristics qualitative AND quantitative of triticale cv. Javaniro a factorial experiment on the basis of rANDomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted in paddy fields of the Rice Research Institute of Iran-Rasht during 2010-2011 cropping years. The first factor was pure nitrogen contents at five levels of 0, 50, 100, 150 AND 200 kg/ha with urea origin, while the second factor was phosphorus fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 100 AND 150 kg/ha) with the source of super phosphate. Results indicated a significant difference between various means of applied fertilizers along with their interactions in terms of FRESH AND DRY FORAGE YIELD, number of tillers, plant height AND crude protein contents. Among nitrogen treatments, 200 kg/ha of nitrogen produced the highest plant height (104.9 cm), number of tillers (11.2),AND FRESH AND DRY FORAGE YIELD with mean values of 22166.7 kg/ha AND 5604.3 kg/ha, respectively. The tallest plant height (91.7 cm), highest number of tillers (8.4) AND the most FRESH FORAGE YIELD (17153.3 kg/ha) were resulted as a consequence of 150 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer, whilst 100 kg/ha of which produced 4312.9 kg/ha DRY FORAGE YIELD. Applying 200 kg/ha nitrogen caused the highest amount of crude protein (17.39%). Phosphorus fertilizers in the ranges of 100-150 kg/ha by mean values of 14.39% AND 14.78% had the most curde protein content that had not had not significant different each other.  Findings showed that 200 kg/ha nitrogen with increasing FORAGE YIELD/crude protein AND 100 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer for enhancing both FRESH AND DRY FORAGE YIELD AND crude protein, seems to be suitable for triticale cultivation in the paddy fields.

In order to study the effects of drought stress on YIELD AND agronomical characters of three plants in normal irrigation AND drought stress, the experiment was doing with Split Plot based on Completely RANDomized Block Design with four replications in Agricultural Research Station of Khoy in 1387. Irrigation was tested as the main factor in three levels: after 80, 120 AND 160 (±5) mm evaporation of class A evaporation pan, AND plant type as sub factor in three levels of millet (panicum miliacum cv. Notrifeed), sorghum (sorghum cv. Pagah) AND corn (zea mays cv. Ksc 704). The results showed that there was significant difference between irrigation level, from the point of view of plant height, FRESH AND DRY FORAGE YIELD, AND proteins percentage. The YIELD of FRESH FORAGE in irrigation level after 80, 160 (mm) after evaporation was average 97.7 AND 80.2 tons ha-1 respectively Also, there is significantly difference between different plant levels from the point of view in all characters. Regarding the obtained results, the YIELD of FRESH FORAGE in corn AND millet had maximum AND minimum amount, respectively with the average of 103.9, 62.2 tons ha-1. There wasn't significant difference between interactive effects of irrigation levels AND plant type in all characters.